自噬对鼠伤寒沙门菌所致的巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌与巨噬细胞共作用时细胞自噬对凋亡的影响,用加入自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA)和未加RAPA的RPMI1640过夜培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞J774A.1,以携带一分子量为100kb毒力质粒的鼠伤寒沙门菌标准毒株SR-11为受试菌。首先测定RAPA对菌量及细胞活性的影响,然后建立细胞感染模型,在细菌与细胞共作用后动态观察24h,不同时间点检测细胞超微结构变化、自噬泡的形成、Beclin-1和Bcl-2的表达、细胞存活率和胞内活菌计数以及细胞凋亡情况。结果显示,RAPA单独作用于细菌或细胞时菌量及细胞活性均无变化;而对细胞感染模型而言,RAPA作用与否细胞内的细菌数及细胞存活率均有显著改变,RAPA可明显降低细胞内活菌数及其所致的巨噬细胞凋亡率(P0.05);RAPA干预组在细菌与细胞共作用早期,部分细菌可被双层膜包裹形成自噬泡,细胞超微结构正常;Beclin-1的表达量增加,而Bcl-2的表达量降低;后期细胞破坏程度明显轻于未用RAPA组。以上结果提示,通过调控细胞自噬水平以减轻宿主细胞凋亡,可作为防治某些感染性疾病的新途径。     

云南傣族、汉族HLA-G基因14bp插入/缺失多态性研究

14bp插入/缺失多态性是指存在于HLA-G基因第8外显子3′非翻译区(3′UTR)的一个插入/缺失多态,因其能影响HLA-GmRNA的稳定性,并进一步影响HLA-G蛋白的翻译而受到广泛关注。文章采用PCR和电泳技术对云南傣族和汉族两个人群进行了HLA-G基因14bp插入/缺失多态性的检测分析,结果显示傣族和汉族人群+14bp等位基因频率分别为31.97%和40.87%,+14bp/+14bp基因型频率分别为8.20%和17.31%,+14bp/-14bp基因型频率分别为47.54%和47.11%。与国内外已报道的其他人群的数据比较表明:云南汉族群体中HLA-G基因14bp插入/缺失的分布与其他群体相似;傣族则有自己独特的基因型和等位基因分布特点,推测其可能受到了遗传漂变的作用,但不排除自然选择作用的影响。     

Mitochondrial haplotypes may modulate the phenotypic manifestation of the deafness-associated 12S rRNA 1555A>G mutation

Mitochondrial 12S rRNA 1555A>G mutation is one of the important causes of aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic deafness. Our previous investigations showed that the A1555G mutation was a primary factor underlying the development of deafness but was insufficient to produce deafness phenotype. However, it has been proposed that mitochondrial haplotypes modulate the phenotypic manifestation of the 1555A>G mutation. Here, we performed systematic and extended mutational screening of 12S rRNA gene in a cohort of 1742 hearing-impaired Han Chinese pediatric subjects from Zhejiang Province, China. Among these, 69 subjects with aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic deafness harbored the homoplasmic 1555A>G mutation. These translated to a frequency of ～3.96% for the 1555A>G mutation in this hearing–impaired population. Clinical and genetic characterizations of 69 Chinese families carrying the 1555A>G mutation exhibited a wide range of penetrance and expressivity of hearing impairment. The average penetrances of deafness were 29.5% and 17.6%, respectively, when aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss was included or excluded. Furthermore, the average age-of-onset for deafness without aminoglycoside exposure ranged from 5 and 30 years old, with the average of 14.5 years. Their mitochondrial genomes exhibited distinct sets of polymorphisms belonging to ten Eastern Asian haplogroups A, B, C, D, F, G, M, N, R and Y, respectively. These indicated that the 1555A>G mutation occurred through recurrent origins and founder events. The haplogroup D accounted for 40.6% of the patient’s mtDNA samples but only 25.8% of the Chinese control mtDNA samples. Strikingly, these Chinese families carrying mitochondrial haplogroup B exhibited higher penetrance and expressivity of hearing loss. In addition, the mitochondrial haplogroup specific variants: 15927G>A of haplogroup B5b, 12338T>C of haplogroup F2, 7444G>A of haplogroup B4, 5802T>C, 10454T>C, 12224C>T and 11696G>A of D4 haplogroup, 5821G>A of haplogroup C, 14693A>G of haplogroups Y2 and F, and 15908T>C of Y2 may enhance the penetrace of hearing loss in these Chinese families. Moreover, the absence of mutation in nuclear modifier gene TRMU suggested that TRMU may not be a modifier for the phenotypic expression of the 1555A>G mutation in these Chinese families. These observations suggested that mitochondrial haplotypes modulate the variable penetrance and expressivity of deafness among these Chinese families.     

蛋白亚硝基化研究进展及其在植物抗病中的作用

蛋白亚硝基化（S-nitrosylation）是一种在一氧化氮作用下与蛋白半胱氨酸巯基共价结合,使巯基-SH转化为-SNO的反应。作为一种氧化还原依赖的翻译后调控形式,蛋白亚硝基化对多种蛋白的功能具有调节作用,越来越多的证据表明蛋白亚硝基化在植物抗病中发挥重要的作用。简要介绍了蛋白巯基亚硝基化的特点、检测方法、功能研究以及在植物抗病调节方面的最新进展。     

蕙兰根内可培养细菌的物种多样性

以MS基本培养基添加蕙兰菌根浸出液制成的培养基进行分离培养的方法,从野生蕙兰（Cymbidium faberi）根部首次分离到内生细菌。经过分离纯化培养获得纯菌株27株。经过16S rDNA基因序列测序,并与GenBank数据比对,其相似性均在98%以上,分析鉴定结果表明,存活的22株菌可分为8属14种。分别隶属于伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）、Leifsonia属、贪食菌属（Variovorax）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、Duganella属和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）。对这些菌株进行分离培养及鉴定有助于理解兰花与微生物之间的相互作用关系,为开发利用这些微生物开辟新的思路。     

通气对乳酸发酵过程的影响

对拟干酪乳杆菌发酵产乳酸的过程进行研究,通过改变不同的通气量(不通气、0.1vvm、0.2 vvm、0.5 vvm)确定0.1vvm的通气量最有利于产生乳酸;再通过优化通气策略,在发酵0～15 h不通空气,15～50 h通0.1 vvm空气使得乳酸的产量比全程通0.1 vvm空气又提高了11.7%,同时乳酸产率也提高了16.2%。最后通过对胞内NAD~+、NADH、乳酸脱氢酶和NADH氧化酶活性、以及发酵过程氧化还原电位(Oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)变化进行分析,阐述了通气影响乳酸发酵过程的机理。     

外源褪黑素对小麦幼苗生理及光合荧光特性的影响

为探讨不同浓度外源褪黑素对小麦幼苗生理及光合荧光特性的影响，该研究以良星99为供试材料，测定不同浓度褪黑素处理下小麦幼苗生长形态、光合及荧光参数以及抗氧化酶活性等关键指标。结果表明：(1)0.1μmol·L^-1的褪黑素处理显著提高了小麦植株的光合能力，叶绿素Chl a、Chl b和Chl (a+b)以及叶绿素荧光参数调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NPQ)、表观光合传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)均在褪黑素浓度为0.1μmol·L^-1时达到增加最大值；PSⅡ最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)、最大光能转化潜力(Fv/Fo)随褪黑素浓度升高逐渐降低；光化学淬灭(qL)随褪黑素浓度增加先下降后上升。(2)与CK(0μmol·L^-1)相比，低浓度褪黑素显著降低小麦根和叶中过氧化物酶(POD)及小麦叶中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性，高浓度褪黑素处理显著增加小麦POD的活性；小麦根中丙二醛(MDA)含量随褪黑素浓度的增加先下降后上升。综上表明，适量褪黑素处理可促进小麦的生长，使小麦光合能力维持在较高水平，并通过POD和CAT调节不同褪...     

Intestinotrophic effects of exogenous IGF-I are not diminished in IGF binding protein-5 knockout mice

IGF binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) modulates the availability of IGF-I to its receptor and potentiates the intestinotrophic action of IGF-I. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that stimulation of intestinal growth due to coinfusion of IGF-I with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution is dependent on increased expression of IGFBP-5 through conducting our studies in IGFBP-5 knockout (KO) mice. IGFBP-5 KO, heterozygote (HT) and wild type (WT) male and female mice were maintained with TPN or TPN plus coinfusion of IGF-I [recombinant human (rh)IGF-I; 2.5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)] for 5 days. The concentration of IGF-I in serum was 73% greater (P < 0.0001) in mice given TPN + IGF-I infusion compared with TPN alone. IGF-I attenuated the 2-3 g loss of body weight associated with TPN in WT mice, whereas KO and HT mice did not show improvement in body weight with IGF-I treatment. KO and HT mice had significantly greater levels of circulating IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs) compared with WT mice. Intestinal growth due to IGF-I was observed in all groups treated with IGF-I based on greater concentrations of protein and DNA in small intestine and colon and significantly greater crypt depth and muscularis thickness in jejunum. Jejunal expression of IGFBP-5 mRNA was greater in WT mice, whereas IGFBP-3 mRNA was greater in KO mice treated with IGF-I. In summary, the absence of the IGFBP-5 gene did not block the ability of IGF-I to stimulate intestinal growth, possibly because greater jejunal expression of IGFBP-3 compensates for the absence of IGFBP-5.     

陕西府谷自然保护区杜松种群的空间分布格局及其动态

采用方差/均值比率法和5个聚集度指标研究了陕西府谷自然保护区杜松(Juniperus rigida Sieb.etZucc.)种群15个样地的空间分布格局及动态特征。结果表明,杜松种群的空间分布格局为聚集分布,其v/m值、负二项参数、聚块性指数、丛生指数、平均拥挤度和Morisita指数分别为1.98、1.84、1.54、0.98、2.79和1.54。随着径级的增大,聚块性指数逐渐减小,种群的聚集程度也减小,Ⅶ级大树呈随机分布,该种群表现出明显的扩散趋势。调查发现,人为干扰对杜松种群的空间分布格局有较大影响。     

褐纹甘蔗象风险分析及其风险管理

通过对褐纹甘蔗象在国内外的分布情况及国内寄主植物分布、适生范围、传播渠道、检疫管理措施等指标的定性和半定量的风险分析,得出其在我国属于中度危险的林业有害生物(其风险评估值为R=1.746),对我国种植面积广泛的棕榈科植物构成了较大的威胁。建议在有其寄主分布的省份将其列入林业检疫性有害生物省级补充名单进行管理,防止其在我国继续扩散危害,并提出了国内检疫管理的措施。